Reliability: A test of how consistently a measuring instrument measures whatever concept it is measuring. Discriminant validity is established when, based on the theory, two variables are predicted to be uncorrelated, and the scores obtained measuring them are indeed empirically found to be so. Convergent validity is established when the scores obtained with two different instruments measuring the same concept are highly correlated. This assessed through convergent and discriminant validity. Construct validity testifies to how well the results obtained from the use of the measure fit the theories around which the test is designed. Predictive validity indicates the ability of the measuring instrument to differentiate among individuals with reference to a future criterion. Concurrent validity is established when the scale discriminates individuals who are known to be that is, they should score differently in the instrument. This can be done establishing concurrent validity or predictive validity. validity is established when the measure differentiates individuals on a criterion it is expected to predict. Content validity: ensures that the measure include an adequate and representative set of items that tap the concept. Does the instrument measure the concept you think you are measuring? Several types of validity test are used to test the goodness of measures and writers use different terms to denote them. Validity: A test of how well an instrument that is developed measures the particular concept it is intended to measure. Please indicate the number of children you have in each of the following categories: Comparative scale provides a benchmark or a point of reference to asses attitudes toward the current object, event or situation under study. How many other organizations did you work for before joining this system? 2. Use of the ratio scale: Ratio scales are usually used in business research when exact numbers on objective factors are called for, as in the following questions. The ratio scale not only measure magnitude of the differences between points on the scale but also taps the proportions in the differences. It has an absolute (in contrast to an arbitrary) zero point, which is a meaningful measurement point. Ratio scale: overcomes the disadvantage of the arbitrary origin point of the interval scale. (numerically equal distances on the scale represent equal values in the characteristics being measured) Use of the interval scale: The interval scale is used when the following responses to various items that measure a variable can be tapped on a scale, which can be summed across the items. Interval scale lets us measure the distance between any two points on the scale. What is the highest level of education you have completed? O Less than High School O High Equivalent O Bachelors Degree O Masters Degree O Doctoral Degree Use of the ordinal scale: The ordinal scale is used to rank the preferences or usage to various brands of a product individuals and to individuals, objects, or events. With any variable for which the categories are to be ordered according to some preference, the ordinal scale would be used. Ordinal scale: not only categorizes variables in such a way as to denote differences among various categories, it also categories in some meaningful way. What is your department? O Marketing O Maintenance O Finance O Production O Servicing O Personnel O Sales O Public Relations O Accounting What is your gender? O Male O Female Use of the nominal scale: The nominal scale is always used for obtaining personal data such as gender or department in which one works, where grouping of individuals or objects is useful. These two groups can be assigned code numbers 1 and 2. For example, with respect to the variable of gender, respondents can be grouped into two categories male and female. Measurement scales Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or groups. Ranking scales on the other hand, make comparisons between and among objects, events and persons and elicit the preferred choices and ranking among them. Preview tekst Chapter 12: Scaling, reliability and Ranking scales have several response categories and are used to elicit responses with regard to the object, event, or person studied.
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